With the Yanshan mountains on the northwest and the North China Plain and ocean adjacent on the southeast, Beijing has a warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate with four distinct seasons: dry and windy spring, hot and rainy summer, clear and crisp autumn, cold winter with little snow. Beijing has short springs (two months) and autumns (one and a half months) and long summers (three months) and winters (over five months). Temperatures rise rapidly with large variance between day and night in spring when it rarely rains or snows but is frequented by dry weathers and strong winds accompanied by floating dust, flying sand or sandstorms. Scarce precipitation has earned Beijing a fame of "10 years 9 droughts". In the hot summer heat it rains often. Though July is the warmest month, most extreme high temperatures occur in June. About 70 percent of the yearly precipitation comes in summer, often in heavy downpours and causing mountain torrents and plain waterlogging. Autumn is the best season of the year: always clear and crisp, neither too cold or too hot, and endowed with adequate sunshine, pleasant weather and the best air quality. From December to February in the cold and dry winter, the monthly mean temperatures fall below 0 ℃; and the precipitation is only two percent of the year, often with record high zero precipitations for over a month.
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